In the recent sem study in scorpion embryos and in some histological investigations in spider embryos, the book lung lamellae are formed by. Many arachnologists, including myself, came up through various entomology departments. Captions, boldface print, and detailed photos make this a great book to discuss nonfiction features of text with students. Some spiders have two sets of book lungs while other spiders have two sets of tracheae. At the time the film was not coming out for several months but i was so curious about it that i had to read the book first. They appear to have evolved separately in spiders and scorpions as each became terrestrial. Its genitals and guts are found in its legs, and a giant species the size of dinner plates lives under the ice in antarctica. Feb 08, 20 book lungs are a fascinating example of convergent evolution. Respiration in spiders robert gale breene iii college of the southwest, carlsbad, new mexico usa respiration, loosely the gaseous exchange of o2 and co2 in spiders, is often misunderstood, even by arachnologists. Book lung anatomy britannica encyclopedia britannica. Oct 01, 2007 superb color photos abound in this spectacular series additionthis is a vivid look at an enthusiastic scientist energetically and happily at worka treat, even for arachnophobes. After my honduran curly hair tarantula molted, i thought i would try and discover its sex and also take a look at the book lungs. The ultrastructure of the book lungs of the italian trapdoor spider cteniza sp. I was planning for it to breathe through book gills or book lungs, but wanted to make sure my design is biologically possible.
Both centipedes and millipedes have book lungs for gas exchange. Members of the spider groups mesothelae and mygalomorphae, which includes tarantulas, have two pairs of book lungs, and this is considered a feature of primitive spiders. Book gill definition of book gill by merriamwebster. One of the longrunning controversies in arachnid evolution is whether the book lung evolved from book gills just once in a common arachnid ancestor, or whether book lungs evolved separately in several groups of arachnids as they came onto land. Abstract light and electron microscopy were used to compare spider book lung development with earlier studies of the development of horseshoe crab book gills and scorpion book lungs. The slit openings of book lungs can expand and contract but never fully close. The book lungs themselves consist of a series of haemolymph filled platelike structures.
The book lungs, located inside the arachnid, are made up of several thin membranes somewhere between 10 and 80, depending the species. Results support the hypotheses for book gillbook lung homology and spider. The book gills of xiphosura are thought to represent the most ancestral respiratory organ among euchelicerates, but their relationship to scorpion and spider. Tarantulas are mygalomorphs, along with their close cousins the trapdoor spiders, the purseweb spiders, and the foldingdoor spiders. Apr 23, 2008 the book lungs of an exceptionally preserved fossil arachnid trigonotarbida from the early devonian approx. The tracheae possibly have evolved directly from the book lungs because, in some spiders, the tracheae have a small number of greatly elongated chambers. Spiders, such as tarantulas, in the mygalomorphae infraorder and mesothelae suborder, have two pairs of book lungs. Apr 24, 2017 tarantulas breathe using two pairs of book lungs, but daddy longlegs and other spiders use only one pair. Basically, a book lung is a matrix made up of many layers of vessels compressed into plates that carry a special type of liq.
Mygalomorphic spiders have two pairs of book lungs, and large chelicerae bearing parallel fangs that move up and down rather than sideways, as they do in araneomorphic spiders. The book lungs are located in a cavity inside the lower front part of the abdomen near where the abdomen connects to the cephalothorax. Book lung definition of book lung by the free dictionary. The name tarantula was originally given to the wolf spider, lycosa tarentula, of southern europe and was derived from the town of taranto, italy. Book lung development in the embryo, postembryo and first. Many arachnids, such as mites and harvestmen opiliones, have no traces of book lungs and breathe through tracheae or through their body surfaces only. Among the chelicerate possessing fanglike front appendages arthropods for example, scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites, the horseshoe crab, limulus, has a series of book gills gills arranged in membranous folds on either side of. Scientists have found that many primitive spider species have the feature of a set of book lungs compared to just one pair. It differs from other arachnids in that it lacks malpighian tubules and possesses book gills. Results support the hypotheses for book gill book lung homology and spider tracheal derivation from book lungs.
Book gill definition is a gill found in the horseshoe crabs that consists of membranous folds arranged like the leaves of a book. Book lung, form of respiratory organ found in certain airbreathing arachnid. The number of hollow disks stacked depends on the species of spider. Find books like tarantula from the worlds largest community of readers. The transmission electron microscope tem is used for the first time to study the development of book gills in the horseshoe crab. Near the end of the nineteenth century the hypothesis was presented for homology and a common ancestry for horseshoe crab book gills and arachnid book lungs. Informational nonfiction, 401 words, level k grade 2, lexile 560l. Although they have a similar booklike structure, book gills are found externally. Air enters the cavity through a tiny slit on each side of and near the front of the abdomen.
Internal construction of tarantula lungs presents itself the grouped plateform fine membranes lamella, reminding pages of ajar book, inwardly which circulates the hemolymph, substituting carbon dioxide by oxygen, got from air. How sea spiders breathe without lungs or gills youtube. Some have a pair of book lungs, others have several pairs. All arthropods molt and have an exoskeleton two factors that, as weve just seen, limit the body size of terrestrial animals. Book lungs are stacks of ten to eighty hollow, leafy disks. Limits of book gillsbook lungs page 1 invertebrates. Morphology and evolution of spider book lungs institut fur biologie. The type of respiratory structure that a tarantula has. Insects, however, got triplewhammied in this department because of the way they breathe. Results herein support the early 20th century hypotheses that 1 book lungs are derived from book gills and 2 book lungs are an early step in the evolution of spider tracheae.
Book lung development in the embryo, postembryo and first instar of. Basal metabolic rate, oxygen uptake of animals at rest as measured bymanometric respirometry, was very low in both species mostly well below 1 ml o2 stpdh. Book gills are similar to book lungs but the leaves lie exposed on the ventral side of the abdomen, cephalofhorax. Tarantula takes weird, crazy and disturbing to a whole new level. Arachnida, araneae, book lung, morphology, scorpiones, amblypygi, uropygi. Lungs of modern spiders were formed from abdominal gills drumsticks of their water ancestors.
Jan 30, 2015 the respiration process of spiders and many other arachnids is fairly primitive. Oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide release, water release and heart frequency were studied in the tarantula,eurypelma californicum. In all types of tarantulas there are two book lungs breathing organs. The tracheal triple whammy understanding evolution. Pdf book lung development in the embryo, postembryo and. The ultrastructure of the book lungs of the italian trap. Book lungs are not related to the lungs of modern landdwelling vertebrates. Even still, some spiders have a combination of both where the trachea is at the anterior end, and the book lungs are located at the posterior end.
Jun 14, 2009 fish and other aquatic creatures like most crabs, have gills to extract oxygen out of the water. Book lung entomologists glossary amateur entomologists. May 28, 2018 but the sea spider has no gills or lungs, and its skin is an exoskeleton, a bit thick for absorbing oxygen. Between the plates there is an air space and this allows air to circulate around the plates. A photograph of the underside of a spider illustrating the book lungs white patches at.
The book lungs of scorpiones and tetrapulmonata chelicerata. The book lungs are saturated in light blue haemolymph. I knew nothing of this novel until i heard about the film the skin i live in, which was based on this book. During periods of intense activity spiders open their book lung slits wide.
Book lung fine structure in the earliest branching spider clade the. Waterair passes over gillsbook lungs and oxygen diffuses into the blood. Book lungs provide a large surface area for gas exchange. The ultrastructure of the book lungs of the italian trapdoor. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. I was able to determine the sex of the spider and was happy to. Oxygen uptake also was studied in the scorpion,pandinus imperator.
Ultrastructure of book gill development in embryos and first. But the sea spider has no gills or lungs, and its skin is an exoskeleton, a bit thick for absorbing oxygen. The horseshoe crab has book gills which evolved into book lungs in other. I read that the book gills of horseshoe crabs differ from book lungs in being external structures, while book lungs are internal. Although the class is divided into pulmonate arachnids contain book lungs and apulmonate arachnids lacking book lungs. In large tarantulas the surface area is up to 70 cm 27.
Each book lung consists of a series of thin plates that are highly vascular i. While crustaceans breathe via gills and spiders use gilllike structures called book lungs, insects. Jun 11, 2012 after my honduran curly hair tarantula molted, i thought i would try and discover its sex and also take a look at the book lungs. Cell death cavitation is much less common but occurs in some places. Book lungs are the main respiratory organ in most arachnids spiders and scorpions. Thus, i had a number of questions concerning book gills and book lungs. The first are called book lungs, which get their name because they look like stacked pages of a book. A book lung is a type of respiration organ used for atmospheric gas exchange and is found in arachnids, such as scorpions and spiders. The horseshoe crab has book gills which evolved into book lungs in other creatures. Pdf book gill development in embryos and first and second instars.
Book lung, form of respiratory organ found in certain airbreathing arachnid arthropods scorpions and some spiders. It is believed that book lungs evolved from book gills. Their common ancestor was aquatic, resembled a horseshoe crab, and had book gills, which were a very similar organ for gathering oxygen from water. This lesson will explore a respiratory organ found in some arachnids called book lungs, and then will examine how they work. Waterair passes over gills book lungs and oxygen diffuses into the blood. In spiders the book lungs are paired respiratory organs composed of 10 to 80 hollow leaves that extend into a blood sinus separated by small hardened columns. Apr 29, 2010 although the class is divided into pulmonate arachnids contain book lungs and apulmonate arachnids lacking book lungs. Then there are the wolf spiders and orbweavers, which have both a pair of book lungs and a pair of trachea. Internal anatomy theraphosids tarantulas of the world. Book lungs are within small openings in the abdomen of the arachnid. How sea spiders breathe without lungs the new york times. Book gills are flaplike appendages that effect gas exchange within water and seem to have their origin as modified legs. Each of these organs is found inside a ventral abdominal cavity and connects with the surroundings through a small opening.
1149 322 638 848 145 1304 1051 724 281 555 95 391 697 207 1064 278 1056 135 235 327 568 1128 1014 1338 974 1153 240 759 364 1241 1180 1129 132 387 1131 1069 1225 831